Sports Supplements Essay - 1837 Words

Sports Supplements Athletes are competitive. They go out there to win. But, at all costs? Why are athletes willing to sacrifice their long term health in order to have one outstanding season? Will it be worth it when they are hooked up to machines in order to stay alive? Many athletes do not think that taking a supplement will harm them. They are strong, tough athletes, nothing can harm them, right? So, they start taking creatine or andro, or both. For most, they lose body fat, gain strength and muscle. That sounds great, but that is not always what happens. The use of over-the-counter sports supplements is dangerous and the FDA should take them off the shelf. Supplements are supposed to be taken to make up for a deficiency in some†¦show more content†¦This is because this type of creatine is pure. The body gets its natural creatine from red meat. But, red meat is not one hundred percent creatine. The body cannot handle the potency of this supplement. Androstenedione (Andro) is a hormonally based supplement that is supposed to help weight lifters add muscle. Andro is taken orally and goes to the liver. The liver destroys most of what is ingested, but what does survive combines with various enzymes and temporarily boosts testosterone levels. This boost in testosterone allows an athlete to perform at a level above what he usually does. quot;Androstendione is an honest-to-goodness steroid and a precursor to testosterone.quot; If an athlete takes andro before he goes to the gym, he will be able to lift more, and thus increase strength and size. Although it is not legally considered an anabolic steroid at this time, andro acts exactly as they do. quot;Many endocrinologists insist that the differences between supplements like androstenedione and traditional steroids (which are legal only for certain medical conditions) are trivial.quot; In Canada a prescription is needed to get andro, but in the US it is an over-the-counter drug. If the y essentially have the same effects, then one should not be illegal and the other legal. quot;The American College of Sports Medicine says anabolic steroids such as androstenedione as well as other ‘dietary supplements’ should be reevaluated and consideredShow MoreRelatedEssay on Supplements in Sports1725 Words   |  7 Pageswinning to the extreme. Athletes today are using various supplements to increase their size, muscle mass, and their potential to perform well. Athletes have been taking all kinds of supplements to gain an edge on their opponents. Little do they know, these supplements are not FDA approved. No one knows the long-term effects of these supplements on the human body. The use of non-FDA approved supplements should be banned from sports. 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definition-of-performance-appraisal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6990 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Meaning and Definition of Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is a formal system that evaluates the quality of a employees performance. An appraisal should not be viewed as an end in itself, but rather as an important process within a broader performance management system that links: ÃÆ' ¼ Organizational objectives Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "definition-of-performance-appraisal" essay for you Create order ÃÆ' ¼ Day-to-day performance ÃÆ' ¼ Professional development ÃÆ' ¼ Rewards and incentives In simple terms, appraisal may be understood as the assessment of an individuals performance in a systematic way, the performance being measured against such factors as job knowledge, quality, and quantity of output, initiative, leadership abilities, supervision, dependability, co-operation, judgment, versatility, health, and the like. Assessment should not be confined to past performance alone. Potentials of the employee for future performance must also be assessed. Traditional Performance Appraisal The history of performance appraisal is quite brief.Its roots in the early 20th century can be traced to Taylors pioneering Time and Motion studies. But this is not very helpful for the same may be said about almost everything in the field of modern human resources management. During the First World War, appraisals concept was adopted by US army which was in the form of merit rating. It was man-to-man rating system for evaluation of military personnel. From the army this concept entered the business field and was restricted to hourly-paid workers. During 1920s, relational wage structures for hourly paid workers were adopted in industrial units and each worker were used to be rated in comparison to other for determining wages rates. This system was known by merit rating. The process was firmly linked to material outcomes. If an employees performance was found to be less than ideal, a cut in pay would follow. On the other hand, if their performance was better than the supervisor expected, a pay rise was in order. Little consideration, if any, was given to the developmental possibilities of appraisal. If was felt that a cut in pay, or a rise, should provide the only required impetus for an employee to either improve or continue to perform well. Sometimes this basic system succeeded in getting the results that were intended; but more often than not, it failed. These observations were confirmed in empirical studies. Pay rates were important, but they were not the only element that had an impact on employee performance. It was found that other issues, such as morale and self-esteem, could also have a major influence. As a result, the traditional emphasis on reward outcomes was progressively rejected. In the 1950s in the United States, the potential usefulness of appraisal as tool for motivation and development was gradually recognized. The general model of performance appraisal, as it is known today, began from that time. Modern Appraisal Performance appraisal may be defined as a structured formal interaction between a subordinate and supervisor, which usually takes the form of a periodic interview, in which the work performance of the subordinate is examined and discussed, with a view to identifying weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for improvement and skills development. In many organizations but not all, appraisal results are used, either directly or indirectly, to help determine reward outcomes. That is, the appraisal results are used to identify the better performing employees who should get the majority of available merit pay increases, bonuses and promotion. By the same token, appraisal results are used to identify the poorer performers who may require some form of counseling, or in extreme cases, demotion, dismissal or decreases in pay. Whether this is an appropriate use of performance appraisal, the assignment and justification of rewards and penalties, is a very uncertain and contentious matter. Objectives of Performance Appraisal Salary Increase Performance appraisal plays a role in making decision about salary increase. Normally salary increase of an employee depends upon on how he is performing his job. There is continuous evaluation of his performance either formally or informally. This may disclose how well an employee is performing and how much he should be compensated by way of salary increase. Promotion Performance appraisal plays significant role where promotion is based on merit and seniority. Performance appraisal discloses how an employee is working in his present job and what are his strong and weak points. In the light of these, it can be decided whether he can be promoted to the next higher position. Training and Development Performance appraisal tries to identify the strengths and weakness of an employee on his present job. This information can be used for devising training and development programmers appropriate for overcoming weaknesses of employees. Feedback Performance appraisal provides feedback to employees about their performance. A person works better when he knows how he is working. This works in two ways, firstly, the person gets feedback about his performance. Secondly, when the person gets feedback about his performance, he can relate his work to the orgaisational objectives. Pressure on Employees Performance appraisal puts a sort of pressure on employees for better performance. If the employees are conscious that they are being appraised in respect of certain factors and their future largely depends on such appraisal. Others: Identifying systemic factors that are barriers to, or facilitators of, effective performance. To confirm the services of probationary employees upon their completing the probationary period satisfactorily. To improve communication. Performance appraisal provides a format for dialogue between the superior and the subordinate, and improves understanding of personal goals and concerns. This can also have the effect of increasing the trust between the rater and the rate. To determine whether HR programmers such as selection, training, and transfer have been effective or not. methods of Performance Appraisal A) Traditional methods 1) Rating Scales: The rating scale method offers a high degree of structure for appraisals. Each employee trait or characteristic is rated on a bipolar scale that usually has several points ranging from poor to excellent. The traits assessed on these scales include employee attributes such as cooperation, communications ability, initiative, punctuality and technical (work skills) competence. The nature and scope of the traits selected for inclusion is limited only by the imagination of the scales designer, or by the organizations need to know. The one major provision in selecting traits is that they should be in some way relevant to the appraisers job. 2) Check-list Method: Under this method, checklist of statement of traits of employee in the form of Yes or No based questions is prepared. Here, the rater only does the reporting or checking and HR department does the actual evaluation. The rater concerned has to tick appropriate answers relevant to the appraises. When the check-list is completed, it is sent to HR department for further processing. Various questions in the check list may have either equal weightage or more weightage may be given to those questions which are more important. The HR department then calculates the total scores which show the appraisal result of an employee. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantages economy, ease of administration, limited training required, standardization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disadvantages Raters biases, use of improper weights by HR Dept, does not allow rater to give relative ratings. 3) Force Choice Method: A series of statements arranged in the blocks of two or more are given and the rater indicates which statement is true or false. The rater is forced to make a choice. HR department does actual assessment. Advantages Absence of personal biases because of forced choice. Disadvantages Statements may not be correctly framed. 4) Force Distribution Method: One of the problems faced in large organizations is relative assessment tendencies of raters. Some are too lenient and others too severe. This method overcomes that problem. It forces everyone to do a comparative rating of all the employees on a predetermined distribution pattern of good to bad. Say 10% employees in Excellent Grade, 20% in Good Grade, 40% in Average Grade, 20% in Below Average Grade and 10% in Unsatisfied grade. The real problem of this method occurs in organizations where there is a tendency to pack certain key departments with all good employees and some other departments with discards and laggards. Relatively good employees of key departments get poor rating and relatively poor employees of laggards departments get good rating. 5) Critical Incident Method: In this method, only critical incidents and behavior associated with these incidents are taken for evaluation. This method involves three steps. A test of noteworthy on the job behavior is prepared. A group of experts then assigns scale values to them depending on the degree of desirability for the job. Finally, a checklist of incidents which define good and bad employees is prepared. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantages: This method is very useful for discovering potential of employees who can be useful in critical situation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disadvantages: a) Negative incidents are, generally, more noticeable than positive ones. b) The recording of incidents is a core to the superior and may be put off and easily forgotten. c) Overly close supervision may result. 6) Essay Method: In the essay method approach, the appraiser prepares a written statement about the employee being appraised. The statement usually concentrates on describing specific strengths and weaknesses in job performance. It also suggests courses of action to remedy the identified problem areas. The statement may be written and edited by the appraiser alone, or it be composed in collaboration with the appraisee. 7) Grading: In this method, certain categories of abilities of performance are defined well in advance and person are put in particular category depending on their traits and characteristics. Such categories may be definitional like outstanding, good, average, poor, very poor or may be in terms of letter like A, B, C, D etc with A indicating the best and D indicating the worst. This method, however, suffers from one basic limitation that the rater may rate most of the employees at higher grades. 8) Performance Tests Observations: This is based on the test of knowledge or skills. The tests may be written or an actual presentation of skills. Tests must be reliable and validated to be useful. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantage Tests only measure potential and not attitude. Actual performance is more a function of attitude of person than potential. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disadvantages Sometimes costs of test development or administration are high. 9) Confidential Reports: Though popular with government departments, its application in industry is not ruled out. Here the report is given in the form of Annual Confidentiality Report (ACR). The system is highly secretive and confidential. Feedback to the assessed is given only in case of an adverse entry. Disadvantage is that it is highly prone to biases and regency effect and ratings can be manipulated because the evaluations are linked to future rewards like promotions, good postings, etc. 10) Comparative Evaluation Method (Ranking Paired Comparisons): These are collection of different methods that compare performance with that of other co-workers. The usual techniques used may be ranking methods and paired comparison method. Ranking Method: Superior ranks his worker based on merit, from best to worst. However how best and why best are not elaborated in this method. It is easy to administer. Paired Comparison Method: In this method each employee is paired with every other employee in the same cadre and then comparative rating done in pairs so formed. The number of comparisons may be calculated with the help of a formula N x (N-1) / 2. The method is too tedious for large departments and often such exact details are not available with raters. B) Morden Methods 1) MBO (Appraisal by Results): The use of management objectives was first widely advocated in the 1950s by the noted management theorist Peter Drucker. MBO (management by objectives) methods of performance appraisal are results-oriented. That is, they seek to measure employee performance by examining the extent to which predetermined work objectives have been met. Usually the objectives are established jointly by the supervisor and subordinate. Once an objective is agreed, the employee is usually expected to self-audit; that is, to identify the skills needed to achieve the objective. Typically they do not rely on others to locate and specify their strengths and weaknesses. They are expected to monitor their own development and progress. 2) Assessment Center Method This technique was first developed in USA and UK in 1943. An assessment centre is a central location where managers may come together to have their participation in job related exercises evaluated by trained observers. It is more focused on observation of behaviours across a series of select exercises or work samples. Assesses are requested to participate in in-basket exercises, work groups, computer simulations, role playing and other similar activities which require same attributes for successful performance in actual job. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantages Well-conducted assessment centre can achieve better forecasts of future performance and progress than other methods of appraisals. Also reliability, content validity and predictive ability are said to be high in Assessment Centres. The tests also make sure that the wrong people are not hired or promoted. Finally, it clearly defines the criteria for selection and promotion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disadvantages Concentrates on future performance potential. No assessment of past performance. Costs of employees travelling and lodging, psychologists. Ratings strongly influenced by assassins inter-personal skills. Solid performers may feel suffocated in simulated situations. 3) 360o Appraisal: It is a technique in which performance data/feedback/rating is collected from all sections of people employee interacts in the course of his job like immediate supervisors, team members, customers, peers, subordinates and self with different weight age to each group of raters. This technique has been found to be extremely useful and effective. It is especially useful to measure inter-personal skills, customer satisfaction and team building skills. One of the biggest advantages of this system is that assesses cannot afford to neglect any constituency and has to show all-round performance. However, on the negative side, receiving feedback from multiple sources can be intimidating, threatening, and expensive and time consuming. 4) Psychological Appraisals: These appraisals are more directed to assess employee potential for future performance rather than the past one. It is done in the form of in-depth interviews, psychological tests, and discussion with supervisors and review of other evaluations. It is more focused on employees emotional, intellectual, and motivational and other personal characteristics affecting his performance. This approach is slow and costly and may be useful for bright young members who may have considerable potential. However quality of these appraisals largely depends upon the skills of psychologists who perform the evaluation. Performance Appraisals purpose Performance appraisals are essential for the effective management and evaluation of staff. Appraisals help develop persons, progress of organizational performance, and feed into business planning. Official performance appraisals are generally conducted annually for all staff in the organization. Every staff member is appraised by their line supervisor. Directors are appraised by the CEO, who is appraised by the chairman or company owners, depending on the size and formation of the organization. Annual performance appraisals allow management and monitoring of standards, agreeing expectations and objectives, and allocation of responsibilities and tasks. Staff performance appraisals also create individual training needs and facilitate organizational training needs analysis and planning. Performance appraisal also normally feed into organization annual pay and grading reviews which commonly also coincides with the business planning for the next trading year. Performance appraisals generally review each individual`s performance against objectives and standards for the trading year, agreed at the earlier appraisal meeting. Performance appraisals are also necessary for career and succession planning for individuals, critical jobs and for the organization as an entire. Performance appraisal are important for staff motivation, attitude and behaviour development, communicating and supporting individual and organization aims and fostering positive relationship between staff and supervision. Performance appraisal affords a formal, recorded, regular review of an individuals performance and a plan for future progress. Job performance appraisal in whatever forms they take are therefore fundamental for managing the performance of people and organizations. Managers and appraises frequently dislike appraisal and try to avoid them. To these people the appraisal is daunting and time consuming. The process is seen as a difficult administrative responsibility and emotionally challenging. The annual appraisal is may be only time since last year that the two people have sat down together for a meaningful one to one discussion. No wonder then that appraisals are stressful which then beats the whole purpose. Appraisals are much easier and especially more peaceful, if the boss meets each of the team members individually and repeatedly for one to one discussion throughout the year. Meaningful regular discussion about work, career, aims, progress, development, hopes and dreams, life, the universe the tv, common interests etc., whatever, make appraisals so much appraisal so much easier because people then know and trust each other which diminish all the stress and the uncertainty. Appraisals much address whole person development not just job skills or the skills necessary for the subsequently promotion. Appraisal must not differentiate against anyone on the grounds of age, sexual orientation, race, gender, religion etc. For Example in the uk, the uk employment equality regulation 2006, which is effective from 1st oct. 06, make it particularly important to avoid any comments, judgments, suggestions, questions or decision which might be supposed by the appraisal to be based on age. This means people who are young as well as old. Age, along with other description stated above, is not a lawful basis for assessing and managing people, unless proper objective justification can be proven. See the age variety information. When crafty or planning behaviour appraisal, seek to help the whole person to grow in whatever direction they want not just to identify clearly relevant work skill training. Increasingly, the best employee distinguish that increasing the whole person promotes positive attitudes, advancement, motivation and also develops lots of new skills that can be unexpectedly significant to working productively and effectively in any nature of organization. Developing the whole person is also an important aspect of modern corporate duty and independently, whole person development is a crucial benefit in the employment market, in which all employers contend to attract the best recruits and to retain the best staff. Therefore in appraisal be creative and imaginative in discussing discovering and agreeing whole person development that people will respond to, beyond the usual job skill set and incorporate this sort of development into the appraisal process. Abrsham Maslow recognised this over fifty year ago. If you are an employee and your employer has yet to cuddle or even acknowledge these concepts, do them a favour at your own appraisal and suggest they look at these ideas or maybe mention it at your exit interview prior to joining a better employer who cares about the people not just the work. Incidentally the Multiple Intelligences test and Vak learning styles test are tremendously useful tools for appraisals before or after to help people understand their nature probable and strengths and to help managers appreciate this about their people too. There are a lot of people out there who are in jobs which dont allow them to use and develop their supreme strengths, so the more we can help folk understand their own special likely and find roles that really fit well the happier we shall all be. Essentials for a successful performance appraisal system  § Basing appraisals on accurate and current job descriptions  § Ensuring that appraisers have adequate knowledge and direct experience of the employees performance  § Providing ratings via aggregated anonymous feedback when multiple sources of information are used  § Incorporating performance appraisals into a formal goal setting system  § Offering adequate support and assistance to employees such as professional development opportunities in order to improve their performance  § Conducting appraisals on a regular basis (at least two times a year) rather than annually. If resource constraints do not permit frequent formal appraisals, consider conducting one formal appraisal annually, with a review of progress in the mid-year and ongoing review in regular supervision meetings Using performance appraisal to address workforce development challenges: Regular performance appraisals provide a useful opportunity to conduct a check up on various workforce development issues that may impact on employees effectiveness and well being. Performance appraisals can be used to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recognize, reward and support effective performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Develop and reward effective teamwork à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify and manage issues likely to impact on retention à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitor and support employees well being.  § Recognize, reward and support effective performance Ensuring employees receive adequate rewards and recognition is a key workforce development issue for the performance. Performance appraisals provide a good opportunity to formally recognize employees achievements and contributions to the organization, and to ensure a clear link is maintained between performance and rewards. The appraisal interview can also be used as a vehicle to demonstrate supervisory and organizational support for employees by discussing barriers and supports to effective performance, and strategies to address problems or difficulties.  § Develop and reward effective teamwork The appraisal interview is also a useful vehicle for recognizing and rewarding employees contributions to various teams in the organization, especially if appraisal information is gained from team members. An appraisal of the team as a whole can also be a useful strategy to recognize and reward team performance, and to identify strategies to improve team functioning.  § Identify and manage issues likely to impact on retention Open and constructive performance appraisals can be useful to identify issues that are likely to impact on employees willingness to stay with the organization in the longer-term. Key factors associated with retention include salary and remuneration, professional development opportunities, and work-related demands and stress. The appraisal interview provides a good opportunity for a check up regarding employees satisfaction with their working conditions and environment, and a discussion of strategies to address any problems or issues.  § Monitor and support employees well being Performance appraisal interviews are a good opportunity to discuss employees health and well being in the workplace, particularly in regard to factors that contribute to feelings of stress and experiences that promote satisfaction with their work. 360 Degree Assessment The concept of 360 degree feedback makes a lot of sense and, if used well, should have a great deal to offer. It seems to suit the move towards the less hierarchical, more flexibly-structured and knowledge-based organization of the future Professor Clive Fletcher Goldsmiths College, University of London Introduction In recent year the 360 degree appraisal has become much admired. It has been felt for long that one person`s assessment of another cannot be free of favoritism. In supplementary with the focus on customers and emphasis on softer dimensions of performance it has become necessary to multiple assessments for a more objective assessment. The 360 degree appraisal is multilayer assessment and feedback system. Almost Fortune 500 Company is using this in some form or other. In this method, the candidate is assessed periodically by a number of assessors including his supervisor, immediate subsidiary, colleagues, and inner and outer customers. The assessment is made on a questionnaire specially designed to measure activities measured critical for performance. The appraisal is done anonymously by others and the assessment is collected by outer agent or specially designated inner agent. The assessment is consolidated; feedback profiles are prepared and given to the participant after a workshop o r directly by his supervisor or the HRD department in a performance examination conversation sitting. Due to the incalculable variations possible in the 360 degree feedback and Appraisals and its effectiveness as a competency identification and development tool, it is important to understand the process and its dynamics. 360 degree feedback 360 degree feedback is a full circle system of acquiring informal from peers, subordinates and inner and outer customers about employee`s performance. 360 degree assessment is based on the assessment of an individual`s management styles, competencies and behavior by contemporaries horizontally and vertically by involving his supervisor, peers and direct report in organization. 360-degree feedback is an assessment of multi source, which contain; Self Supervisor Internal customers/staffs/peers External customers Why 360-degree feedback is needed in the organizations? Business is towards surplus generation. Without additional no organization can develop. Here the effort to grow the business and the surplus should come from employee part. The performance of the employees is at work here matters in business development and organizational development. The performance of the employees should then align with the strategic decisions that integrate the business goals in more and more aggressive environment. It is the duty of the Human Resource Management to assimilate the culture of the organization with all available resources to the best possible output. The 3600 Appraisal helps the HR Department to have better understanding of the competitive advantage and disadvantages of the current manpower resources and tune them towards performance quality and output. Prerequisites Top management support Confidence of employees on the appraisal methodology Objective need to be with performance requirement clearly stated A detailed plan of implementation Collaboration between superior and subordinates Some prior experimentation and positive experiences clear organization philosophy and policy objective Uses for 360 Degree Feedback contain: Performance Appraisal ÃÆ' ¼ Recognition of performance. ÃÆ' ¼ Providing feedback on individual performance. ÃÆ' ¼ Providing a basis for self evolution. Assessing employee development ÃÆ' ¼ Diagnosing training and career development needs. ÃÆ' ¼ Providing a basis for promotion, dismissal, job enrichmen, job transfer, probation etc. ÃÆ' ¼ Monetary and other rewards. Organizational Climate Study ÃÆ' ¼ Organizational environment improvement needs ÃÆ' ¼ Changes in managerial approaches, leadership etc. Customer satisfaction study ÃÆ' ¼ Employees attitudinal change ÃÆ' ¼ Customer satisfaction improvements Using of 360-degree performance appraisal we get benefits like, 360 degree feedback permit an organization to focus on developmental efforts, at the individual and grouping level, in the nearby business position where the success of the company depends on constant revolution, which is possible through organizational development. 360-degree feedback facilitates the alignment of individual capabilities and behaviors with organizational strategies. That adds value to the organization uncaring ways:- ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback afford a talented view about the employee from different source ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback provides increased the understanding about one1s role probability ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback provide a better understanding of employed development requirements ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback provide the understanding of competence and skill in various roles ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback provides a better understanding of individual presentation at work ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback reduces training costs by identifying common development want ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback extends better morale to those who perform and put in well to the organization ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback helps everyone to work for a common standard and institutionalize presentation management ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback ensure better interpersonal relationship and grouping cohesiveness ÃÆ' ¼ It promotes self directed learning and provides a road map for employee`s development planning ÃÆ' ¼ It promotes better communication within departments ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback increases the team`s ability to put in to the organization goals ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree feedback increases the team`s ability to put in to the organizations goals develop better bottom line thought additional the capability of the organization to meet its objectives. For 360-degree feedback this steps may be taken to gauge the readiness of an organization Identification of the problem.  · Analysis of the organization context for finding a solution to the problem. Allocation of resources for the purpose in terms of time and finances. A detailed plan of implementation. Follow up Drawback of using 360-degree feedback  § A detailed plan of action which, ensure the transparent and clear implementation of appraisal with employee accountability.  § Effective follow up is the prime requirement of 360 degree feedback. Failure in follow u cause more scratch than superior.  § The 360 degree feedback is time consuming and cost consuming assessment process. Without having adequate resource to implement the process, it will end up no where and develop financial burden to organization.  § The trust and confidence on the employee who undergo this feedback assessment process is a determinant factor in its outcome. Many consider this appraisal as tool for downsizing.  § The process involves a lot of paper work.  § There are high changes of subjective from the management and employee part in the feedback assessment.  § Many times the confidentiality of the appraisal cannot ensure from the HR department.  § Since the assessment is based on qualitative data many times it cannot ensure unambiguous, clear and observable and quantifiable formats. AMUL Introduction History In the year 1946 the first milk union was established. This union was started with 250 liters of milk per day. In the year 1955 AMUL was established. In the year 1946 the union was known as KAIRA DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS UNION. This union selected the brand name AMUL in 1955. The brand name AMUL means Amulya. This word derived from the Sanskrit word Amulya which means Priceless. A quality control expert in Anand had suggested the brand name Amul. Amul products have been in use in millions of homes since 1946. Amul Butter, Amul Milk Powder, Amul Ghee, Amul spray, Amul Cheese, Amul Chocolates, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Ice cream, Nutramul, Amul Milk and Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. Today Amul is a symbol of many things like of the high-quality products sold at reasonable prices, of the genesis of a vast cooperative network, of the triumph of indigenous technology, of the marketing savvy of a farmers organization. And have a proven model for dairy development. In the early 40s, the main sources of earning for the farmers of Kaira district were farming and selling of milk. That time there was high demand for milk in Bombay. The main supplier of the milk was Polson dairy limited, which was a privately owned company and held monopoly over the supply of milk at Bombay from the Kaira district. This system leads to exploitation of poor and illiterates farmers by the private traders. The traders used to beside the prices of milk and the farmers were forced to accept it without uttering a single word. However, when the exploitation became intolerable, the farmers were frustrated. They collectively appealed to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was a leading activist in the freedom movement. Sardar Patel advised the farmers to sell the milk on their own by establishing a co-operative union, Instead of supplying milk to private traders. Sardar Patel sent the farmers to Shri Morarji Desai in order to gain his co-operation and help. Shri Desai held a meeting at Samarkha village near Anand, on 4th January 1946. He advised the farmers to form a society for collection of the milk. MANAGEMENT 360 Degree Performance Appraisal system in AMUL 360 degree appraisal means, an assessment of the proformance of the individual at the end of the year or any other performance period by the concerned individual, subordinates, colleagues, boss, and external customers, if any. In a 360 degree appraisal, the data generated is known to the organization. If it is only a 360 degree feedback, they are known only to the individual and to be used for development purpose only. Amul intends to evolve and use a 360 degree appraisal system that generates objective inputs about its employee and that could be integrated into the reward and other personnel decisions. Such a system should be carefully designed and evolved. Therefore, it has been decided to start it in an experimental basis. The system will be used intially for development purposes and as a feedback system. In about two years time, Amul intends to link it with performance linked variable pay. While the policy development route to development KRAs are common across the level, we have introduced 360 degree leadership feedback mechanism for developing leadership at senior management level and have drawn 12 Generic competencies as critical success factors for middle management. The 360 degree feedback of the senior management members has been designed to meet the following. The effectiveness with which each of them is performing various leadership and managerial roles. The styles with which he is performing some of the signifcant tasks and the impact he is making at his staff as a result of these styles. The various competencies the person is exhibiting in the process of performing various roles and tasks in the organization. Appraisal of employees serves several useful purposes Feedback to the employee. Compensation decisions. Personal development. Training and development programme. Promotion decision. Now The Questions Arise That Who Will Appraiser? The Answer Is The employees peers. Self appraisal. The employees subordinates. Higher level manager. Now the process of performance appraisal implemented in step by step Job Analysis, Job Description and Job Specification. Establishing standerds of performance. Communicating performance standards to employees. Measuring actual performance. Comparing actual performance with standrds and discuss the appraisal with employees. Initiating corrective actions. There are various methods for performance appraisal ÃÆ' ¼ Straight ranking method. ÃÆ' ¼ Paired comparison method. ÃÆ' ¼ Granding method. ÃÆ' ¼ Graphic rating method. ÃÆ' ¼ Checklist method. ÃÆ' ¼ Confidential report. ÃÆ' ¼ 360 degree appraisals. ÃÆ' ¼ Behavioral anchored rating scale method. Straight ranking method This is one of the oldest and simplest techniques of performance appraisal. In this method, the appraiser ranks the employees from the best to the poorest on the basis of their overall performance. It is quite useful for a comparative evaluation. Paired Comparison Method: In this method each employee is paired with every other employee in the same cadre and then comparative rating done in pairs so formed. The number of comparisons may be calculated with the help of a formula N x (N-1) / 2. The method is too tedious for large departments and often such exact details are not available with ratter. Grading In this method, certain categories of abilities of performance are defined well in advance and person are put in particular category depending on their traits and characteristics. Such categories may be definitional like outstanding, good, average, poor, very poor or may be in terms of letter like A, B, C, D etc with A indicating the best and D indicating the worst. This method, however, suffers from one basic limitation that the rater may rate most of the employees at higher grades. Graphic rating method Graphic rating scales are one of the most common methods of performance appraisal. Graphic rating scales require an evaluator to indicate on a scale the degree to which an employee demonstrates a particular trait, behavior or performance result. Rating forms are composed of a number of scales, each relating to a certain job or performance-related dimension, such as job knowledge, responsibility or quality of work. Each scale is a continuum of scale points, or anchors, which range from high to low, from good to poor, from most to least effective, and so forth. Scales typically have from five to seven points. Check-list Method Under this method, checklist of statement of traits of employee in the form of Yes or No based questions is prepared. Here, the rater only does the reporting or checking and HR department does the actual evaluation. The rater concerned has to tick appropriate answers relevant to the appraises. When the check-list is completed, it is sent to HR department for further processing. Various questions in the check list may have either equal weightage or more weightage may be given to those questions which are more important. The HR department then calculates the total scores which show the appraisal result of an employee. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantages economy, ease of administration, limited training required, standardization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disadvantages Raters biases, use of improper weights by HR Dept, does not allow rater to give relative ratings. Confidential Reports Though popular with government departments, its application in industry is not ruled out. Here the report is given in the form of Annual Confidentiality Report (ACR). The system is highly secretive and confidential. Feedback to the assessee is given only in case of an adverse entry. Disadvantage is that it is highly prone to biases and recency effect and ratings can be manipulated because the evaluations are linked to future rewards like promotions, good postings, etc. 360o Appraisal It is a technique in which performance data/feedback/rating is collected from all sections of people employee interacts in the course of his job like immediate supervisors, team members, customers, peers, subordinates and self with different weightage to each group of raters. This technique has been found to be extremely useful and effective. It is especially useful to measure inter-personal skills, customer satisfaction and team building skills. One of the biggest advantages of this system is that assesssees cannot afford to neglect any constituency and has to show all-round performance. However, on the negative side, receiving feedback from multiple sources can be intimidating, threatening, and expensive and time consuming. Behavioral anchored rating scale method The rating scale method offers a high degree of structure for appraisals. Each employee trait or characteristic is rated on a bipolar scale that usually has several points ranging from poor to excellent. The traits assessed on these scales include employee attributes such as cooperation, communications ability, initiative, punctuality and technical competence. The nature and scope of the traits selected for inclusion is limited only by the imagination of the scales designer, or by the organizations need to know. The one major provision in selecting traits is that they should be in some way relevant to the appraisees job. Data Analysis 1. In your opinion 360 performance appraisal is? 2. Which appraisal system in your opinion is better? 3. What does 360 degree performance appraisal actually measure? 4. 360 degree feedback is used for? 5. What types of information are produced through this method? 6. This method helps to find training need 7. Organization or departmental goal can be achieved through this method? 8. Are you satisfied with the present appraisal system? 9. You find your competencies through this method 10. Do you know about your weakness or strength through this method? 11. Do you get motivation by this method? 12. Please rate the following as per their importance? 13. Do you get the knowledge about your performance and behavior through this method? 14. Do you find the leadership quality among your subordinates through this method? 15. I am happy n satisfied with the 360 degree performance appraisal Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion In order to understand and analyze my research objective which is to find out whether the employees as AMUL are happy and satisfied with 360 degree performance appraisal or not, I designed a questionnaire and the results showed that most of the employees were very fond of 360 degree performance appraisal system compared to others as it gave them a Holistic feedback, not limiting to just the HR or their supervisors/managers. Also they believed that the organizational goals as well as the departmental goals are simultaneously being achieved through this method. The employees prefer 360 degree appraisal as their training needs are identified which eventually gives them a chance for development and horning their skills/talent. Employees also believe that through 360 degree appraisal they benefit in terms of self development and are also motivated to perform better next time. Through 360 appraisals they get feedback from their manager, subordinates, peers which in turn informs them about their core competencies and their weak areas Also I had taken data from the hr manager, I asked what is the objective of the performance system in your organization, he were strongly agree with identify the training and development needs of the employee. There they use rating method, checklist method, 360 degree appraisal, confidential method. According to him performance appraisal is 75% correct indicator of an employee`s development/ training needs. Self appraisal is a part of their system. Also discussion or interaction between the appraisal and the appraise is a part of their appraisal system. Any sessional held to make the employee aware of the PA system are its objective and important career development. So this are the data which I get from the manager. Recommendation Apart from the ones AMUL is already using they can also use psychological appraisal system as through this system the appraisals can directly assess employee potential for -further performance. This can be done by conducting in-depth interview, psychological tests, discussions with supervisors, reviewing other evaluations. This method focuses on employees emotional, intellectual and motivational and other personal characteristics affecting his/her performance. The quality of this appraisal system largely depends upon the skills of psychologists who perform the evaluation. Amul can also use force choice method so that they have a good advantage of absence of people unfairness because of forced choice. And in organization some are too easy going and other too harsh, so this type of problem solve by using force distribution method. Whereas critical incident method is very useful for realizing potential of employees who can be useful in critical situation. And in essay method approach appraiser prepares a written statement about the employee being appraised. Where advantage of using performance test and observations, only tests measure prospective and not attitude. Actual performance is more a function of attitude of person that prospective. Now, where future oriented methods Amul can use like MBO. This method is results oriented. In this method they do not rely on the others to locate, they specify their strengths and weaknesses. They are projected to supervise their own growth and progress. Other is assessment center method, this conducted assessment centre can reach better forecasts of future performance and development than other methods of appraisal. It satisfied validity and predictive ability are said to be high. Its directly describe the critical for selection and promotion. And also they can use psychological appraisal and it is done in form of deeply interviews, psychological tests and discussion with supervisors and go over of other evaluations. It also more focused on employee motivational, intellectual and emotional and also other person characteristics touching his performance. Anywise these appraisal`s quality mostly depend on the skills of psychologists who perform the evaluation. Bibliography  § 360 Degree Feedback Performance Management System, Volume two. By- T V Rao, Gopal Mahapatra , Raju Rao, Nandini Chawla  § Performance Management System And Appraisal Systems. By- T V Rao  § 360 Degree Feedback- A Management Tool. By-Peter Ward  § www.appraisalservicesnet.info  § www.businessballs.com/performanceappraisals  § appraisals.naukrihub.com/360-degree-performance-appraisal  § wikipedia.org/wiki/360-degree_feedback  § www.amul.com  § www.amul.org.com  § www.indiamba.com  § www.humanresources.hrvinet.com  § www.performance-appraisal.com  § Aswathappa. Human Resource and Personal Management, New Delhi.  § Niehoff, B.P. Enz, C.A. and Grover.R.A.The Impact of Top Management Action of Employee Attitude and perceptions, Group and Organization studies,15.(3) P;337-352  § Macgregor, D., An Uneasy Look st Performance Appraisal Business, Harvard Review, sept./oct.,pp.133-138.  § Meyer, H.H.,Emmanuel, K. and French, R.P.J.,Split Role in Performance Appraisal Harvard Business Review, Vol.44, no. 3,May,/june,p.106.  § Richard,E. Kopelman., Obective Feed Back, In Edvin A Locke, Generalizing From laboratory To Field Setting, Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. P:119-145.

The Limits of Science Essays - 3754 Words

Does science have any limits? Scientists say no. Philosophers are divided in their response. The humanities say that science is not humanitarian, and thus not metaphysically deep. In response, scientists and some philosophers contend that science is the best knowledge we have about the world. I argue that science is limited by its form. Science has no object that derives from the human form. Everything that is incomparable to the dimension of the human body is reducible to notions that are commensurable to that body. This phenomenologically clarifies some of the most important discoveries in contemporary science. The Special Theory of Relativity shows the dependence of space and time on the accounting system. Quantum mechanics displays†¦show more content†¦It seems clear, that Science will never reach an end. However, my answer is Yes. Science has a Limit and this limit is the scientific form, or the Form of Science. Form is limit as definiteness. All human artifacts, as defined functional structures (forms) have limits. They can not be unlimited except in the sense of an extensive unlimitedness of a multitude of uniform operations on uniform objects. Science as an artifact is limited in a deeper and more important sense. World is limited as a definitenes of Human form. This answer is developed more definitely in my book Limits of Science, published in Bulgaria. (1) This article is a short variant of my research. Man is a form of life. Every living form accomplishes an expansion against chaos; it combats spontaneous disintegration. Mans life world is put in order in accordance with his form and this order fulfills the expansion keeping the humans form (The First Order). Now, how is the scientific form established and why? Science is A Second Order. Empirical science is mankinds creation and it is based on the logos as an archetype of order. The logos is doxa, epistema and scientia-opinion, knowledge, science. 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First Phase of Foundation of Indian National Congress

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Demographics and Proactive Stance free essay sample

List some of the demographic trend of interest to marketers in the Malaysia and discuss whether these trend pose opportunity or threats for marketers * The changing age structure of the population Generation Y, also known as Millennial Generation is the demographic cohort following Generation X. There is no precise date for when Generation Y starts and ends. Born between 1977and 2000, these children of the baby boomers number 83 million, dwarfing the Gen Xers and larger even than the baby boomer segment. This also gives opportunity to marketers to launch. * A better-educated, more white-collar, more professional population Nowadays, the number of working women was increased and this has spawned the child day-care business and increased the consumption of career-oriented women’s clothing, financial services, and convenience foods and services. This also gives an opportunity to marketers. * The changing Malaysian family The increase number of educated people will increase the demand for education products such as books. We will write a custom essay sample on Demographics and Proactive Stance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Travel, computers and internet servicing are also related to education. So, this actually gives an opportunity to marketers. b) Explain how companies can take a proactive stands toward the marketing environment Companies can be either proactive or reactive in responding to event that impacts them. Companies that take a proactive stance plan in advance and initiate action to deal with events, instead of merely responding to events. For example, Kingfisher, a British home improvement retailer, had taken a proactive stance on green issues in 2007. The company had goals for waste reduction and use of certified timber, sourcing the majority of its timber from sources that the Forest Stewardship Council has certified. Kingfishers policies on chemicals in 2007 required its operating companies to have an action plan available by 2008 to identify products containing certain chemicals and to work with vendors on plans to remove or substitute them.

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly free essay sample

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly BY Baker12 The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly of Big Liam OGrady By: Charles Baker Maurice Walshs short story The Quiet Man introduces a few interesting characters, but one I found very intriguing wbas a man named Big Liam OGrady. Big Liam was one of the main characters who played a huge role in the story. Big Liam may have played the Bad guy role in this story, but even the worst villains can have a good trait or two. From reading the short story, you notice that Big Liam really sticks with harrassing and provoking his enemy, Shawn Kelvin. By ontinuously provoking throughout the story, showed perserverence. Big Liam Constantly was trying to get Shawn Kelvin to fght him, again and again at different parts in the story. For relentlessly trying to fight Shawn, and even during the fight, showed Big Liams perserverence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another trait that helped pursue his perserverence was his boldness. Liam was never afraid to make a scene or put on a show. Big Liam was ready to fght Shawn in public in many encounters in the story, which shows Liams boldness. Now, as we stated, Big Liam was the enemy of the story, and as most Bad guys ave, are bad traits. Big Liam OGrady was pretty much an all around bad person in general. Liam was conceited, very selfish, and had the temper to drive you wild. All big Liam thinks about is himself. He feels as if he could boss everyone around because of his size. Other than himself, the only thing he loves is money. Liam doesnt share either. He feels the more the merrier should be the way of life for him. He goes crazy over two hundred dollars Shawn Kelvin throws in a fire. Liams temper shows everytime he is around Shawn. He is practically a ticking time-bomb around Shawn. Big Liam thought of himself as the boss, and a tough guy, all because of his size. It describes Big Liam in the story as A great raw-boned, sandy haired man, with the strength of an ox, and a heart no bigger than a sour apple. Its said he was A man of iron. His size and Strength was what made Big Liam who he was. Although Big Liam may have been big and strong, his weaknesses got the best of him. His money obsession controlled his life. Big Liam could not love a woman, but could only love her money. As I mentioned, Liam falls apart when Shawn burns his money. His money weakness was uncontrollable. Also, although Liam was of great size, his actual fghting skill was weaker than that of Shawn Kelvin. Liam may have had power, but skill he did not. Kelvins experience and skill outmatched Liams three to one. As Ive pointed out, Big Liams strengths was his size, power, and intimidation factor. He was bigger than most, and definitely stronger than most, which made most scared of him. He thought of himself as a Tough guy because people would cower